Perioperative Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: An Individualized and Evidence-Based Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56412/gmcp.2026.9.01.217Keywords:
Perioperative cardiac risk, noncardiac surgery, anesthetic management, myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS), risk stratification, biomarkers, hemodynamic stability, goal-directed therapy, perioperative pharmacotherapy, multidisciplinary careAbstract
Patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing noncardiac surgery constitute a heterogeneous and high-risk population in perioperative medicine. The interaction between underlying cardiac pathology, surgical stress response, and anesthetic interventions creates a complex physiological milieu that predisposes to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Despite advances in perioperative care, cardiovascular complications remain a leading cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality worldwide. Contemporary management emphasizes individualized risk stratification, targeted investigations, optimization of pharmacotherapy, and meticulous intraoperative and postoperative care. Emerging concepts such as myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS), biomarker-guided assessment, and multidisciplinary perioperative pathways have significantly influenced clinical practice. This review provides a comprehensive and detailed discussion of perioperative anesthetic management in cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, integrating classical principles with current evidence and guidelines.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammed Shamnad CS, Rekhi BK, Kaur L, Pal K
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